DNA Test Kits: How Test Kits Are Revolutionizing Genealogy and Genetics Research

 

DNA Test Kits

Current Popularity of DNA Test Kits

DNA testing has seen an incredible rise in popularity over the last several years. As DNA testing kits have become more affordable and accessible, millions of people around the world have opted to take genetic ancestry or health tests through companies like AncestryDNA, 23andMe, MyHeritageDNA and FamilyTreeDNA. AncestryDNA alone has amassed over 15 million genetic profiles in its database since launching its DNA testing service in 2007. The ability to learn more about one's genetic origins and inherited health predispositions from a simple saliva sample has understandably captured widespread interest.

How DNA Testing Works

All DNA Test Kits testing companies follow a similar methodology. Customers first purchase a DNA collection kit online or in-store and receive a sterile collection tube or swab by mail. They provide a small saliva sample by spitting into the tube and mail it back to the company's lab for analysis. The lab then extracts and sequences DNA from the saliva cells, focusing on specific locations known as SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) that vary between individuals. For ancestry tests, 600,000-2 million SNPs across the entire genome may be analyzed to determine ancestral percentages. For health reports, tests focus on variants linked to certain disease risks. Customers receive personalized ancestry or wellness reports by logging into their online accounts.

What Ancestry Tests Can Reveal

Ancestry DNA tests provide estimated percentages of genetic ethnicities that can reflect where a person's ancestors lived generations ago before migrating to their current home. For example, a American may learn they are 80% British & Irish, 15% German and 5% Scandinavian. Some analysis can trace ancestry back 100+ generations and recent updates from companies now allow relative matching capabilities. By uploading DNA profiles, customers can potentially find new cousins, second cousins and other genetic relatives to make new genealogical connections. Over time, as more testing is done worldwide, geographic ancestry details become increasingly precise on a global scale.

Health and Trait Reports Explained

Alongside ancestry breakdowns, 23andMe and some other companies provide health predisposition and trait reports. These detail genetic risks and likelihoods for developing certain diseases, along with physical traits like eye color or ability to taste bitter flavors. Health reports cover genetic predispositions for Alzheimer's, celiac disease, late-onset Parkinson's and many more conditions. However, it's important to note that most multifactorial diseases have numerous genetic and environmental causes that can't be predicted solely by DNA. Family history also plays a role. Still, these DNA insights provide personalized wellness guidance and have potential medical utility when combined with traditional diagnostics. Many also find DNA trait reports to be purely for entertainment.

DNA Data Privacy and Security Concerns

Of course, when sharing personal DNA information, privacy and security are paramount concerns. While laws offer some protections, DNA cannot easily be reversed or changed like other identifiers. That's why companies implement strict privacy policies and safeguards. Customer data and identifiable biosamples are closely guarded. Raw genetic data stays within internal secured servers and firewalls used only by certified lab personnel. Outside commercial and governmental entities have no direct access without consent. When customers search for DNA relatives, profile matches are displayed by an anonymous ID number until a message connection is established. Still, some worry third party data breaches could expose profiles, so customers ultimately trust companies to act responsibly.

Assisting Law Enforcement With Investigations

On occasion however, companies will provide identified customer information to assist law enforcement with serious criminal cases, usually involving violent crimes or unidentified remains. For example, a relative of a missing person could choose to upload their DNA profile specifically to find potential new leads through familial DNA matching. Some argue this necessary tool has helped solve decades-old cold cases, though others raise privacy issues. Overall most view these instances as highly regulated situations that balance public safety with personal data privacy. Testing has proven a useful forensic genetic genealogy resource, similar to its benefits in ancestral research.

The Future of Population Genetics

As DNA databases continue expanding globally with millions more profiles, scientists say we are building the largest population genetics research resource ever assembled. Aggregate data analyses are revealing new genetic insights into human migrations, relatedness, inherited traits and disease susceptibilities with incredible resolution across world populations.

combining genetic findings with historical records and archeological materials is advancing our understanding of human origins and prehistory in ways not possible before this era of large-scale consumer DNA testing. Privacy policies will also need to thoughtfully adapt as uses of aggregate DNA data progress scientific knowledge. There is little question DNA test kits have revolutionized both personal genealogy and global genetics studies in a short amount of time.

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